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SYDNEY: Safer, cleaner nuclear power is a step closer to reality after Norway's state-owned energy company, Statkraft, this week announced plans to investigate building a thorium-fuelled nuclear reactor. Statkraft (which translates to "state power") announced an alliance with regional power providers Vattenfall in Sweden, and Fortum in Finland, along with Norwegian energy investment company, Scatec AS, in a bid to produce the thorium-fuelled plant. Thorium (Th-232), has been hailed as a 'greener' alternative to traditional nuclear fuels, such as uranium and plutonium, because thorium is incapable of producing the runaway chain reaction which in a uranium-fuelled reactor can cause a catastrophic meltdown. Thorium reactors also produce only a tiny fraction of the hazardous waste created by uranium-fuelled reactors (see 'New age nuclear', Cosmos, issue 8). Statkraft, which is already Europe's second largest producer of renewable energy - mainly thanks to Norway's abundant hydroelectric resources - has recently made thorium-fuelled nuclear power a point of serious consideration. "It would be a sin of omission not to consider it," said Bård Mikkelsen, CEO of Statkraft, in an interview with the Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet. To date, thorium has seen only limited application, such as by U.S. company, Thorium Power, which produces mixed uranium-thorium fuel for use in conventional nuclear reactors. However a reactor fuelled entirely by thorium would have significant advantages over conventional uranium or mixed-fuel reactors. Besides their inability to go critical and their low generation of waste, thorium-fuelled reactors don't suffer from the same proliferation risks as uranium reactors. This is because the thorium by-products cannot be re-processed into weapons-grade material. Thorium also doesn't require enrichment before use as a nuclear fuel, and thorium is an abundant natural resource, with vast deposits in Australia, the United States, India and Norway. Another advantage of thorium-powered reactors is they can be used to 'burn' highly radioactive waste by-products from conventional uranium-fuelled power plants. Over the past eight months, there has been a substantial rise in public support for thorium reactors in Norway. In June 2006, polls showed 80 per cent of the population were completely opposed to any form of nuclear technology. Then in February 2007, the same percentage were in favour of investigating thorium reactors as a potential energy source. "It is an absolutely incredible surprise that it has been possible to turn around the population in a country, just by quietly campaigning and explaining the benefits of the technology," said Egil Lillestøl, a nuclear physicist at the University of Bergen, Norway. Lillestøl is a keen supporter of the ADS (Accelerated Driven System) technology used in thorium-fuelled reactors. Because thorium is incapable of achieving a self-sustaining chain reaction – unlike uranium or plutonium – it needs energy to be injected into the reactor to keep it running. This energy comes in the form of neutrons from a particle accelerator. For this reason, a thorium-fuelled reactor is also sometimes called a sub-critical reactor. Statkraft is the third Norwegian company to express interest in thorium reactors this year; Thor Energi and Bergen Energi, have both applied for government licenses to build plants. The announcement by Statkraft coincides with the first meeting of the Thorium Report Committee – an initiative commissioned by Norway's Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, in association with the Norwegian Research Council, to investigate the benefits and risks of thorium reactors. The committee will submit its report at the end of 2007. Norwegian legislation currently bans the use of nuclear power, so the report is critical for gaining Government consent to build thorium plants in Norway. "Norway has taken the lead on this. We are an energy nation; we have large supplies of thorium – not as much as Australia of course – but we have a very advanced energy industry, and we have a responsibility to the world," said Lillestøl. "Without nuclear energy we will destroy the world, we will spend all the coal, oil and gas, and we will be left with an energy desert." Reza Hashemi-Nezad, a nuclear scientist at the University of Sydney in Australia agrees that thorium is a promising alternative energy source. However, while the European Union, India, the US, Japan and Russia are all working on thorium technologies, Australia is lagging behind. "Australian industry is very interested in investing in this type of clean, safe and cheap nuclear energy," says Hashemi-Nezhad. "But I am afraid that if Australian scientists and industry do not get adequate support from the government and research institutes in Australia, they may move offshore." Readers' comments"clean nuclear"??Sir, Submitted by Visitor on 28 May 2007 - 9:16pm.
It takes lots of energy toIt takes lots of energy to pull hydrogen from water. Where does this energy comefrom? So while hydrogen is a great fuel it is only really an energy conversion material: Put energy into water to get hydrogen, get some (less) energy out when you burn hydrogen. We will need an actual energy generator to do all this. Nuclear, hydro & solar is really all there is. Any form of bio-mass energy is just solar in disguise. A nuclear (fission or fusion) plant that would be used to produce hydrogen might seem to be a good idea until the distribution system is considered. Today nuclear energy is distributed by electrical wires. Fairly efficient. Soon this could be done with superconductors, more efficient. But what if the nuclear plant were to output hydrogen? Could we just use a pipeline to send hydrogen from the plant to your house? Sure, this would work. Except for a problem: Hydrogen, being such a tiny molecule, can and often does escape thru the solid steel walls of pipelines at a considerable rate. This released hydrogen would then react with other materials in the atmosphere to produce very effective greenhouse gases. So unless some very difficult engineering problems are solved hydrogen will never be a good solution to the energy problem. Submitted by Visitor on 28 May 2007 - 11:10pm.
Posting EtiquetteKnow your laws of thermodynamics before you post. Submitted by Stephen on 8 July 2007 - 8:13am.
"Clean nuclear"??You write : Hydrogen extracting from seawater is surely safer and cheaper solution Please explain to me how you intend to do this ? With kind regards, evan@auen.no Submitted by Visitor on 23 September 2007 - 11:16am.
responce to visitorit is only your opinion that these materials belong underground. progress can be difficult for narrow minded individuals like yourself...we either learn to embrace new ideas or in 100 years time our grandkids and great grand kids will be cursing our inability to change our ways Submitted by Visitor on 29 April 2008 - 8:20pm.
Australian Thorium ReservesGiven the fact that Australia has the world's largest reserve of Thorium, it only makes sense to pursue a research program with the aim of producing a viable Thorium reactor. One initiative being explored world wide (US, Czech Republic, Russia) to develop Thorium technology is based on the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR). This reactor design is quite innovative: it uses a mixture of molten Lithium and Beryllium Fluoride salts as the working fluid in the reactor. Added directly to these molten salts is a relatively small amount of Thorium and Uranium-233 Fluoride salts. The resultant salt mixture simultaneously works as a moderator, coolant, and fuel medium. As it happens, the technology was first successfully tested in the 1960s, but recent advances in materials, fuel processing, and energy recovery systems, have made the technology very compelling. The advantages of such a technology are numerous: In short, Molten Salt Reactors promise to be inherently safe, efficient and clean, and as such represent a significant departure from present designs. I believe that Australia, with its large Thorium reserves, would benefit immensely from such a technology. Submitted by Visitor on 25 May 2007 - 2:19am.
Molten Salt ReactorA good resource for Molten Salt Reactor information may be found at the Energy from Thorium website, which contains an online reference library, a discussion forum, and a blog. Submitted by Visitor on 25 May 2007 - 3:18am.
Australian UseCan somebody please get this article to the government. Submitted by Visitor on 29 May 2007 - 8:26am.
hydrogen is not the future,hydrogen is not the future, mentioning is silly. hydrogen always needs to be created with energy from other sources. Submitted by Visitor on 29 May 2007 - 7:23pm.
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Well done Ms. Williams & Mr. Randall
I really like the picture from Mr. Randall. It reflects the changing opinions (and in fact reality) that nuclear technologies do offer solutions to the complex and interdependent challenges of climate change and energy security; and furthermore that such solutions are feasible without the added burdens of significant waste generation or weapons proliferation.
All of this is well detailed in the article as is the opportunity for Australia to contribute - provided we have the foresight (we surely should have the motivation as indicated here and here).
Thanks for the article.
Ed