An all-sky map of gamma-ray emissions made by the Fermi Space Telescope. Hundreds of the sources in the map are complete mysteries. Click through to see the other half.
Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi/LAT Collaboration
An all-sky map of gamma-ray emissions made by the Fermi Space Telescope. Hundreds of the sources in the map are complete mysteries.
Credit: NASA/DOE/Fermi/LAT Collaboration
MARYLAND: A new catalogue of gamma-ray sources detected by the NASA's Large Area Telescope has been released and of the 1873 sources found, nearly 600 are complete mysteries.
Gamma-rays are by their very nature heralds of great energy and violence. They are a super-energetic form of light produced by sources such as black holes and massive exploding stars. Gamma-rays are so energetic that ordinary lenses and mirrors do not work. As a result, gamma-ray telescopes can't always get a sharp enough focus to determine exactly where the sources are.
For two-thirds of the new catalogue's sources that the team of scientists from NASA's Fermi Lab can, with at least reasonable certainty, locate a known gamma ray-producing object, such as a pulsar or blazar, in the vicinity the gamma-rays are coming from. But the remaining third - the so-called "mystery sources" - have the researchers stumped.
"Fermi sees gamma-rays coming from directions in the sky where there are no obvious objects likely to produce gamma rays," said David Thompson, Fermi deputy project scientist from Goddard Space Flight Centre in Greenbelt, Maryland. "Some of the mystery sources could be clouds of dark matter - something that's never been seen before."
'Apprehending' dark matter
About 85% of the gravitational mass of the universe is dark matter. Dark matter pulls on things with the force of its gravity but can't be detected in any other way. It doesn't shine - doesn't emit or scatter light - hence the adjective 'dark'.
Astronomers cannot detect dark matter directly using optical or radio telescopes. But dark matter just might shine in gamma rays. "We've been using Fermi to search for dark matter for a long time," said Peter Michelson of Stanford University, principal investigator for the Large Area Telescope.
Some researchers believe that when two dark matter antiparticles bump into each other, they will annihilate, producing gamma-rays. Concentrated clouds of dark matter could form a gamma ray source at specific wavelengths detectable by Fermi.
"If we see a bump in the gamma-ray spectrum - a narrow spectral line at high energies corresponding to the energy of the annihilating particles - we could be the first to 'apprehend' dark matter," said Michelson.
Brand new phenomenon
The team plans to continue observing the mystery sources. Fermi scans the entire sky ever three hours, and this ongoing sequence of observations 'piles up' gamma-rays for the researchers to analyse. So far, too few gamma rays have been collected from the mystery sources to form definite conclusions.
Another, less-dark possibility for some of the mystery sources is colliding galaxy clusters. According to Michelson and Thompson, clashes of such magnitude would generate super large-scale shock waves that would accelerate particles. Others of the sources, they say, might be some brand new phenomenon, perhaps something involving galactic black holes.
But many of the mystery sources could prove to be familiar. "[They] will probably turn out to be members of known source classes, things we know but haven't recognised yet, like undiscovered pulsars, binary systems,and supernova remnants," said Michelson.
"Of course we're hoping for something really exotic like dark matter, but we have to look first at all the other options," added Thompson. "Fermi is an ongoing mission. We'll continue to search for answers to these puzzles and perhaps turn up even more surprises."
