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Neanderthal genes found in some modern humans

Friday, 7 May 2010
Cosmos Online

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Neandertals

An artist's impression of a group of Neandertals sitting by a fire, 60,000 years ago.

Credit: Wikimedia

SYDNEY: As humans migrated out of Africa 100,000 to 50,000 years ago, some individuals interbred with Neanderthal and as a result some genetic sequences can be found in all non-African humans, according to an international team of scientists.

"It's cool to think that some of us have a little Neanderthal DNA in us," said Svante Pääbo from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, lead author of the study published in Science.

Non-Africans are more closely related to Neanderthal. This, they suggest, is because the inter-species liaisons most likely occurred in the Middle East 100,000 to 50,000 years ago, after non-Africans migrated out of Africa.

Neanderthals went extinct 30,000 years ago

Neanderthal, a hominid species that became extinct around 30,000 years ago stood about 1.62 m high and had heads large enough to house human-sized brains.

Neanderthal were once thought to be sub-species of humans (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), but in this study, which looked at 1.1 billion DNA fragments from the Neanderthal genome, researchers confirm they were a separate species ( Homo neanderthalensis ).

Because humans and Neanderthal are our closest relatives evolutionarily, the Neanderthal genome has helped to identify some of the genetic material that has arisen since the two species split.

Uniquely human genes discovered

According to the paper, some of those exclusively human genes are those that code for cognitive development (mutations of which cause diseases such as autism and schizophrenia) and energy metabolism.

There's also genes that code for skeletal development - parts of the skeleton like the cranium, clavicle and ribcage, that make us morphologically different from Neanderthals and apes.

The researchers used small amounts of bone powder from three 40,000-year-old Neanderthal individuals found in a cave in Croatia to build 60% of the genome, enough to announce that the genome is complete.

DNA used from five humans

Correcting for a sample bias in the genetic databases of modern humans, the researchers sequenced DNA from five different individuals from different regions around the world: Southern Africa, West Africa, Papua New Guinea, China and France.

When the researchers compared the genomes of the five modern day humans to the Neanderthal, they found that the non-African genomes were more similar to Neanderthals than the African genomes.

Because these similarities are present in the genomes of the individuals from China, Papua New Guinea and France, this suggests that human and Neanderthal interbreeding took place when they shared a common ancestor - after the migration out of Africa.

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Readers' comments

separate species

I think the argument for them being a separate species looks weak. Also, the assumptions about modern day Africans is simply bad thinking from the academics. For one thing, because there has been so much migration back into Africa. Also, we need to know more about some other supposedly 'archaic' forms of human-like beings that the African and outside-of African homo sapiens might have inter-bred with too. S. Africa appears to have a material culture very analogous to Neanderthals. Perhaps there was interbreeding there too, and this might help account for the distinctiveness of 'Congoid' vs. those Africans who have more 'Asiatic looking' features?

Separate Species?

My Biology 101 definition of what makes two discrete populations classifiable as being of the same 'species' is their ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring. Now by that definition, Neanderthalensis is the same species as us, if there was indeed gene flow between the two populations.

NeanderSapiens

I have studied, as a lay person and graduate, physical anthropology most of my life, particularly the pathways of ancient man. I followed avidly each new study and paper I could obtain. For many years I have been of the mind, contrary to what many "experts" have opined, that Neanderthals were "wiped" out or starved out by the new comers, that our predecessors - our ancient parents - were absorbed by Cro-Magnon man. In essence: WE ARE NEANDERTHAL.

David Stanley, San Diego, B.S. (Anthropology)

Re - NeanderSapiens

I respect your comments but have to say they are diluted with your PC tone seeking to not distinguish between different races and avoiding the conclusions that some species of human are better adapted and likely to succeed than others. Yes we are are all certainly related to a common ancestor (Neanderthal or not) but we have also certainly inherited traits that will be an advantage over others. With further analysis of probability and genome structure there will be an inevitable conclusion that some of the living human race are likely to become the dominant strain.

Say it like it is and accept evolutionary theory for what it is!
It doesn't come down to whether you are black, white, asian or any other false classification of the human DNA, it comes down to nature and natural selection.

PC tone

I agree. No need to be politically correct here. The race is far from won- Black Africans seem to be physically superior, White people are top of the pile right now, Chinese/Japanese and Indians seem to be the resurfacing after dominating most of recorded history. Fact is - We still die like any other animal and can barely escape the gravity of our own fragile planet! Only time will tell who the eventual winner is- though i suspect it will be a colourless, speciesless, humanoid that will eventually evolve and dominate.

PC Tone & The Matter of Race & Immutable Racial Differences

Obviously the collective phenotype so-called races of homo sapiens have morphed from the African prototype and are subject to morphing into one another, with more or less difficulty, given their particular morphological states and differences and environmental conditions, cultural practices and diet, and even into something entirely different, as they have done from each other in the past to arrive at their present morphologies. The implied functional differences between these so-called racial phenotypes on the group level, as distinct from on individual bases, evidentially are culturally, sociologically and societally based. Simplistically speaking, just three decades ago black people generically were widely mythologized to be physically superior to other races athletically, but highly racially mixed black Americans were predominately the champion performers in high-profile sports like boxing, high jumping, hurdling, sprinting and basketball, over even black African, Caribbean and South American athletes, and Ethiopians dominated long distant running; however, this status was followed with particularly Mexicans, since the 1980s, and Eastern Europeans, since the mid 1990s to present, challenging and defeating at times the best of black boxers on the planet, with Kenyans challenging and regularly out racing Ethiopians in long distance running, and non-professional European basketball teams at times winning over American basketball teams comprised largely of the top tier of professional black American basketball players.

The earliest, as well as quite splendid, civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and what is now China, were rivaled in splendor, and intellectual and artistic achievements by the much latter Southern European civilizations of the Greeks city states and empires and Italy and the Roman Empire, East and West, and impressive civilizations rose and fell in black Africa (most notably Kemit, Great Ghana as distinct from present-day Ghana, Timbuktu, Songhai, Benin, Yoruba) and the Americas (most notably the Inca, Mayan and Aztec civilizations), and technologically, intellectually, and in amenities and in quality of life civilizations arose and ultimately exceeded all of these by many orders of magnitude from the European heartland and far north and spread to the Americans, Australia and New Zealand. There were also the respective great Mongol, Ottoman and Moorish empires and civilization. Today Japan is a pinnacle civilized society comparable to the best European-people nations offer and China's society is swiftly and aggressively moving to the fore, in a modern-times comeback.

On the biological level, if one were to take Europeans and place them in hot, tropical Africa without modern means of shelter from the sun, those and their offspring without a genetic trait for tanning and without greater genetic resistance to skin cancer would die out or be maladapted and environmentally dysfunctional, whereas those with the tanning and skin-cancer resistance genetic traits would have the healthier and environmentally better adapted offspring, which in mating and reproducing for generations would readily produce an increasingly higher incidence of dark-skinned offspring. These at an early stage of racial morphology would tend to be dark-skinned, straight to wavy-haired, blue-, green-, gray-, light-brown- and dark-brown-eyed post-Europeans for perhaps millennia, until even these salient European phenotype traits morphed or transitioned away, in the absence of acceleration by interracial mating with native black Africans -- sort of like the European-featured segment of the majority dark-skinned people of India. We also note that the generally small people of Latin American and Far Eastern parentage on the average grow successively taller than their parents over generations in the previously heavy milk drinking and meat, eggs, wheat and fruit and vegetable eating U.S. (until the ubiquity of fatty, starchy, sugary processed fast-foods) and that Far Eastern athletes, once considered generally physically uncompetitive with athletes of the other phenotype races, in the absence of performance-enhancing illegal drug use, with a good diet and rigorous and competent training, are now and becoming ever more formidable athletic competitors with athletes of the other phenotype races. If Neanderthal genes are in the human genome, given the considerable migration of the world's people and imperial and colonial contact with one another and the pervasive racial adulteration of black Africans in Africa by their colonial masters and in the Americas by the same, they necessarily would be the recipients of those genes, which they would have remixed with themselves, despite what the apparent bad science of Paabo, et. al., say -- one can simply look at the often varying skin gradations and un-uniform distribution of European facial features among these people, despite shade or complexion of skin, to witness their racial mixture.

Impressive ... I'm blown away!

I found your commentary to be totally mind-thrilling, captivating, stimulating, thought-provoking, and ultimately * brilliant* … the most impressive annotation I have read to date!

NEANDERTHAL

AS A LAY STUDENT MYSELF,I HAVE LONG BEEN FASCINATED BY NEANDERTHALS AND NEVER BELIEVED THEY WERE COMPLETELY WIPED OUT; MERE FACT OF SURVIVAL OF "THE SPECIES" SUGGESTS THAT ANY ENCOUNTER BETWEEN MODERN MAN AND CLOSE COUSINS WOULD HAVE INCLUDED SOME SEXUAL CONTACT. ERGO: DNA COMBINING.
I HAVE OBSERVED NEANDERTHAL CHARACTERISTICS IN MY STUDENTS AND WITH NON-INTRUSIVE QUESTIONING, LEARNED THEIR ANCESTRY WENT BACK TO THOSE AREAS WHERE NEANDERTHAL REMAINS HAVE BEEN FOUND. RED-HAIRED PORTUGUESE AND ITALIANS WITH STATURE,PHYSIQUE, FACIAL BONE STRUCTURE SO SIMILARLY AND PROFOUNDLY REMINISCENT OF OUR NEANDERTHAL. I KNEW SCIENCE WOULD CATCH UP WITH NEANDERTHAL AND MODERN MAN. SO EXCITING.

LOIS BRAND BILLINGS, LOS ANGELES, MA (PSYCH)

Neanderthal

Dear Lois,
Putting the whole message in CAPS is like shouting. It really doesn't help make your point.
Trevor

CAPS

Right, but it helped me read/see what I was writing while awaiting eye surgery. The cataract veils have been lifted, life is good. Thank God!
Wonder which of my ancestors blest me: Middleastern? Southern European? Eastern European?